{"id":122,"date":"2015-03-28T13:47:51","date_gmt":"2015-03-28T12:47:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/retirada37.com\/?p=122"},"modified":"2015-05-21T14:30:23","modified_gmt":"2015-05-21T13:30:23","slug":"quappelle-t-on-la-retirada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/?p=122","title":{"rendered":"Qu&rsquo;appelle-t-on \u00ab\u00a0la retirada \u00a0\u00bb ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/la-foule-des-refugies-au-perthus-29-janvier-1939_451624_516x332.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-239\" src=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/la-foule-des-refugies-au-perthus-29-janvier-1939_451624_516x332-300x193.jpg\" alt=\"la-foule-des-refugies-au-perthus-29-janvier-1939_451624_516x332\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/la-foule-des-refugies-au-perthus-29-janvier-1939_451624_516x332-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/la-foule-des-refugies-au-perthus-29-janvier-1939_451624_516x332.jpg 516w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-237\" src=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939-2-300x191.jpg\" alt=\"RETIRADA 1939 2\" width=\"300\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939-2-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939-2.jpg 511w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-236\" src=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939-300x213.jpg\" alt=\"RETIRADA 1939\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/retirada37.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RETIRADA-1939.jpg 499w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Un peu d&rsquo;histoire<\/strong> : la seconde R\u00e9publique espagnole a \u00e9t\u00e9 proclam\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite des <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89lections_municipales_espagnoles_de_1931\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00e9lections municipales<\/span><\/a> d\u2019<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avril_1931\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">avril<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1931\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">1931<\/span><\/a>. Le roi <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphonse_XIII_d%27Espagne\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alphonse XIII<\/span><\/a> abandonne Madrid et part en exil sans avoir abdiqu\u00e9. Ce fut la fin de la dictature monarchique espagnole (1923-1930).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">En juillet 1931, la gauche espagnole a donc le pouvoir de transformer par voie l\u00e9gislative l&rsquo;ordre social et \u00e9conomique du pays, et de moderniser l\u2019Espagne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Malheureusement, compte tenu notamment de la complexit\u00e9 de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 espagnole et des divergences entre les diff\u00e9rents acteurs politiques (anarchistes, communistes, socialistes, droite mod\u00e9r\u00e9e),\u00a0et malgr\u00e9 les nombreuses r\u00e9formes progressistes\u00a0mises en place,\u00a0les espoirs suscit\u00e9s par ce r\u00e9gime r\u00e9publicain seront partiellement d\u00e9\u00e7us .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">N\u00e9anmoins, les \u00e9lections du 16 f\u00e9vrier 1936 ont vu la victoire du Frente Popular (front populaire espagnol).<\/p>\n<p>Mais le coup d\u2019\u00e9tat de juillet 1936 men\u00e9 par le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Franco plongera l\u2019Espagne dans une guerre civile au cours de laquelle Hitler et Mussolini apporteront un soutien militaire d\u00e9cisif aux franquistes et qui s\u2019ach\u00e8vera le 1<sup>er<\/sup> avril 1939, apr\u00e8s avoir provoqu\u00e9 l\u2019exil de pr\u00e8s de <strong>500\u00a0000 r\u00e9publicains espagnols<\/strong> majoritairement vers la France, pour \u00e9chapper \u00e0 la f\u00e9roce r\u00e9pression des franquistes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cet<\/strong> <strong>exil sera par la suite appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0retirada\u00a0\u00bb en espagnol et catalan\u00a0.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D&rsquo;autres partiront vers\u00a0l\u2019Afrique du nord et certains pays d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine, notamment le Mexique et le Br\u00e9sil.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pour en savoir plus, on peut par exemple se reporter notamment aux sites suivants\u00a0:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>http:\/\/www.histoire-immigration.fr\/des-dossiers-thematiques-sur-l-histoire-de-l-immigration\/la-retirada-ou-l-exil-republicain-espagnol-d-apres-guerre<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retirada<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ainsi qu&rsquo;au livre de Genevi\u00e8ve ARMAND-DERYFUS : \u00ab\u00a0L&rsquo;exil des r\u00e9publicains espagnols en France. De la guerre civile \u00e0 la mort de Franco\u00a0\u00bb. (Editions Albin Michel).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un peu d&rsquo;histoire : la seconde R\u00e9publique espagnole a \u00e9t\u00e9 proclam\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite des \u00e9lections municipales d\u2019avril 1931. Le roi Alphonse XIII abandonne Madrid et part en exil sans avoir abdiqu\u00e9. Ce fut la fin de la dictature monarchique espagnole (1923-1930). En juillet 1931, la gauche espagnole a donc le pouvoir de transformer par &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/?p=122\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Qu&rsquo;appelle-t-on \u00ab\u00a0la retirada \u00a0\u00bb ?<\/span>  <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[17,16],"class_list":["post-122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-histoire","tag-histoire","tag-retirada"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=122"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":238,"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122\/revisions\/238"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=122"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=122"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retirada37.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}